The Phonological Inventory of Hakka
介绍 Introduction
鹤市镇隶属广东省河源市龙川县,位于龙川县东南部、韩江上游,距龙川县城约17公里,总面积约52平方千米,下辖1个社区(鹤市社区)和9个行政村(鹤市、罗乐、鹤联、大佳、社坑、芝野、河布、富石、莲坑)。2020年第七次全国人口普查显示,全镇常住人口13075人。
本表参考了标准客家话拼音系统;借用拉丁字母符号方法,根据实际调研,增加或删减至符合鹤市本地方言的版本。
Heshi Town is under the jurisdiction of Longchuan County, Heyuan City, Guangdong Province. It is located in the southeastern part of Longchuan County, upstream of the Han River, approximately 17 kilometers from the county seat. The town covers a total area of about 52 square kilometers and administers 1 community (Heshi Community) and 9 administrative villages (Heshi, Luole, Helian, Dajia, Shekeng, Zhiye, Hebu, Fushi, Liankeng). According to the Seventh National Population Census in 2020, the town's permanent resident population was 13,075.
This Inventory references the standard Hakka romanization system; using the method of borrowing Latin letter symbols, additions and deletions are made based on actual field research to arrive at a version that conforms to the local Heshi Town dialect.
1. 声母 Initials
客家话鹤市镇变体总共有21个声母(包括零声母),如下:
The Heshi Town variant of Hakka has a total of 21 initials (including the zero initial), as follows:
| 发音部位 \ 发音方法 Place \ Manner | 不送气清塞音/塞擦音 Unaspirated Voiceless Plosive/Affricate | 送气清塞音/塞擦音 Aspirated Voiceless Plosive/Affricate | 鼻音/清擦音 Nasal / Voiceless Fricative | 擦音/边音 Fricative / Lateral | 浊擦音 Voiced Fricative |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 双唇/唇齿音 Bilabial/Labiodental | b [p] 帮斧把扁 | p [pʰ] 部婆刨簿 | m [m]马米舞雾 | f [f] 贺裤祸夫 | v [v] 芋委话卫 |
| 舌尖中音 Alveolar | d [t] 肚短钉搭 | t [tʰ] 堂敌读定 | n [n] 农拿泥男 | l [l] 蓝林辣连 | |
| 舌尖前音 Dental/Alveolar Sibilant | z [ts] 紫争将摘 | c [tsʰ] 词坐集助 | s [s]丝习息山 | ||
| 舌叶音 Palato‑alveolar | zh [tʃ] 猪主纸指 | ch [tʃʰ] 床丈尺住 | sh [ʃ] 市竖书戏 | j [ʒ] 爷野雨余 | |
| 舌根音 Velar | g [k] 鸡金吸脚 | k [kʰ] 库共权杰 | ng [ŋ,ɳ] 牙二魏日 | h [h] 开黑好吓 | |
| 零声母 Zero Initial | ∅ 安屋恶一 |
2. 韵母 Rhymes
以下是客家话鹤市镇变体的韵母表。其中 a ≈ [a], e ≈ [ɛ], o ≈ [ɔ], i ≈ [i], u ≈ [u], ng ≈ [ŋ]; 当与舌叶音结合时,i ≈ [ʅ] 。□代表未能在现代汉语用字中找到对应。
Below is the vowel table of the Heshi Town variant of Hakka. In this table, a ≈ [a], e ≈ [ɛ], o ≈ [ɔ], i ≈ [i], u ≈ [u], ng ≈ [ŋ]; when combining with Palato‑alveolar, i ≈ [ʅ]. The symbol □ indicates that no corresponding character could be found in modern Chinese.
| 开口呼 Open Mouth | 齐齿呼 Even-teeth | 合口呼 Closed Mouth |
|---|---|---|
| i 去米飞徐 | u 猪苦户雨 | |
| a 麻花加家 | ia 写夜爹谢 | ua 瓜垮挂 |
| o 婆河火可 | io 茄 | |
| e 扯 | ||
| ai 卖鸡街太 | uai 块怪蠏拐 | |
| oi 妹菜对贝 | ioi □(疲倦 Tired) | |
| ei 币蚁例洗 | iei □(动作缓慢 slow motion) | |
| iu 秋女鱼锯 | ||
| iui 锐 | ui 类亏雷穗 | |
| au 刀交宝毛 | ||
| eu 斗纽朝浮 | ieu 条猫表桥 | |
| am 南蓝咸男 | ||
| em 森占暗厌 | iem 店尖槛检 | |
| im 林心深沉 | ||
| an 板弯泉间 | uan 关 | |
| on 半短满酸 | ion 选健全软 | uon 官宽惯灌 |
| en 冰等银猛 | ien 天前电见 | |
| in 苹永人神 | ||
| iun 勤近军忍 | un 本顿军允 | |
| ang 冷正盲争 | iang 井听岭名 | |
| ong 帮庄秧讲 | iong 两让姜强 | uong 港 |
| un 风农兄用 | ||
| ap 答甲鸭纳 | ||
| ep 鸽盒折舌 | iep 业接页跌 | |
| ip 入立汁粒 | ||
| at 瞎挖八罚 | uat 括刮 | |
| ot 活泼袜说 | iot 月雪缺决 | uot 阔 |
| et 色灭歇穴 | iet 铁节热结 | uet 国 |
| it 笔力密敌 | ut 骨物出 | |
| ak 麦石客笛 | iak 壁额逆叻 | |
| ok 作薄各约 | iok 雀脚弱削 | |
| iuk 肉育玉 | uk 木捉叔辱 | |
| m 五吴午 |
合口呼 Closed Mouth
撮口呼 pursed-lip
鹤市镇变体中没有撮口呼
There is no pursed-lip pronunciation in Heshi Town variant.
3. 声调 Tone
| 调类 Category | 调值 Value | 例字 Examples |
|---|---|---|
| 阴平 Yin Ping | 33 | 塘贺磨婆 |
| 阳平 Yang Ping | 31 | 羊禾凉饼 |
| 上声 Shang Sheng | 31 | 古火请可 |
| 去声 Qu Sheng | 51 | 过听美坐 |
| 阴入 Yin Ru | 2 | 肉屋福竹 |
| 阳入 Yang Ru | 5 | 蹦局毒笛 |