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The Phonological Inventory of Hakka

介绍 Introduction

鹤市镇隶属广东省河源市龙川县,位于龙川县东南部、韩江上游,距龙川县城约17公里,总面积约52平方千米,下辖1个社区(鹤市社区)和9个行政村(鹤市、罗乐、鹤联、大佳、社坑、芝野、河布、富石、莲坑)。2020年第七次全国人口普查显示,全镇常住人口13075人。

本表参考了标准客家话拼音系统;借用拉丁字母符号方法,根据实际调研,增加或删减至符合鹤市本地方言的版本。

Heshi Town is under the jurisdiction of Longchuan County, Heyuan City, Guangdong Province. It is located in the southeastern part of Longchuan County, upstream of the Han River, approximately 17 kilometers from the county seat. The town covers a total area of about 52 square kilometers and administers 1 community (Heshi Community) and 9 administrative villages (Heshi, Luole, Helian, Dajia, Shekeng, Zhiye, Hebu, Fushi, Liankeng). According to the Seventh National Population Census in 2020, the town's permanent resident population was 13,075.

This Inventory references the standard Hakka romanization system; using the method of borrowing Latin letter symbols, additions and deletions are made based on actual field research to arrive at a version that conforms to the local Heshi Town dialect.

1. 声母 Initials

客家话鹤市镇变体总共有21个声母(包括零声母),如下:

The Heshi Town variant of Hakka has a total of 21 initials (including the zero initial), as follows:

发音部位 \ 发音方法
Place \ Manner
不送气清塞音/塞擦音
Unaspirated Voiceless Plosive/Affricate
送气清塞音/塞擦音
Aspirated Voiceless Plosive/Affricate
鼻音/清擦音
Nasal / Voiceless Fricative
擦音/边音
Fricative / Lateral
浊擦音
Voiced Fricative
双唇/唇齿音
Bilabial/Labiodental
b [p] 帮斧把扁p [pʰ] 部婆刨簿m [m]马米舞雾f [f] 贺裤祸夫v [v] 芋委话卫
舌尖中音
Alveolar
d [t] 肚短钉搭t [tʰ] 堂敌读定n [n] 农拿泥男l [l] 蓝林辣连
舌尖前音
Dental/Alveolar Sibilant
z [ts] 紫争将摘c [tsʰ] 词坐集助s [s]丝习息山
舌叶音
Palato‑alveolar
zh [tʃ] 猪主纸指ch [tʃʰ] 床丈尺住sh [ʃ] 市竖书戏j [ʒ] 爷野雨余
舌根音
Velar
g [k] 鸡金吸脚k [kʰ] 库共权杰ng [ŋ,ɳ] 牙二魏日h [h] 开黑好吓
零声母
Zero Initial
安屋恶一

双唇/唇齿音 Bilabial/Labiodental

b [p] 帮斧把扁p [pʰ] 部婆刨簿m [m]马米舞雾f [f] 贺裤祸夫v [v] 芋委话卫
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舌尖中音 Alveolar

d [t] 肚短钉搭t [tʰ] 堂敌读定n [n] 农拿泥男l [l] 蓝林辣连
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舌尖前音 Dental/Alveolar Sibilant

z [ts] 紫争将摘c [tsʰ] 词坐集助s [s]丝习息山
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舌叶音 Palato‑alveolar

zh [tʃ] 猪主纸指ch [tʃʰ] 床丈尺住sh [ʃ] 市竖书戏j [ʒ] 爷野雨余
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舌根音 Velar

g [k] 鸡金吸脚k [kʰ] 库共权杰ng [ŋ,ɳ] 牙二魏日h [h] 开黑好吓
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零声母 Zero Initial

安屋恶一
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2. 韵母 Rhymes

以下是客家话鹤市镇变体的韵母表。其中 a ≈ [a], e ≈ [ɛ], o ≈ [ɔ], i ≈ [i], u ≈ [u], ng ≈ [ŋ]; 当与舌叶音结合时,i ≈ [ʅ] 。□代表未能在现代汉语用字中找到对应。

Below is the vowel table of the Heshi Town variant of Hakka. In this table, a ≈ [a], e ≈ [ɛ], o ≈ [ɔ], i ≈ [i], u ≈ [u], ng ≈ [ŋ]; when combining with Palato‑alveolar, i ≈ [ʅ]. The symbol □ indicates that no corresponding character could be found in modern Chinese.

开口呼 Open Mouth齐齿呼 Even-teeth合口呼 Closed Mouth
i 去米飞徐u 猪苦户雨
a 麻花加家ia 写夜爹谢ua 瓜垮挂
o 婆河火可io 茄
e 扯
ai 卖鸡街太uai 怪蠏拐
oi 妹菜对贝ioi □(疲倦 Tired)
ei 币例洗iei □(动作缓慢 slow motion)
iu 秋女鱼锯
iui 锐ui 类亏雷
au 刀交宝毛
eu 斗朝浮ieu 条猫表桥
am 南蓝咸男
em 森占暗厌iem 店尖槛检
im 林心深沉
an 板弯uan 关
on 半短满酸ion 选健全软uon 官宽
en 冰等银ien 天前电见
in 苹人神
iun 勤近军忍un 本顿军允
ang 冷正盲争iang 井听岭名
ong 帮庄秧讲iong 两让姜强uong
un 风农兄用
ap 答甲鸭纳
ep 鸽盒折iep 业接页
ip 入立汁粒
at 挖八罚uat 括刮
ot 活泼袜说iot 月雪缺决uot 阔
et 色灭iet 铁节热结uet 国
it 笔力密敌ut 骨物出
ak 麦石客iak 壁额逆
ok 作各约iok 雀脚弱削
iuk 肉育uk 木捉叔辱
m 五吴午




撮口呼 pursed-lip

鹤市镇变体中没有撮口呼

There is no pursed-lip pronunciation in Heshi Town variant.

3. 声调 Tone

调类 Category调值 Value例字 Examples
阴平 Yin Ping33塘贺磨婆
阳平 Yang Ping31羊禾凉饼
上声 Shang Sheng31古火请可
去声 Qu Sheng51过听美坐
阴入 Yin Ru2肉屋福竹
阳入 Yang Ru5局毒笛
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